Objective: Introduction: Mineral homeostasis is achieved through a complex interplay of several feedback processes involving primarily the bone, intestine and kidney, regulated by different proteins acting on endocrine, paracrine or autocrine levels. The dysregulation of these processes in chronic renal failure, called kidney disease (CKD) - mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD), although apparent, is still poorly understood. The aim: The aim of the study was an analysis of potential relationships between selected biomarkers of CKD-MBD in maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients.
Patients and methods: Material and Methods: In the first part of this cross-sectional study, the 25(OH)D serum concentrations were measured in 115 HD vitamin D naïve patients from 5 dialysis units located in central Poland. Thereafter in 81 patients (49 men, 32 women, aged 67 ± 13 years) with vitamin deficiency (25(OH)D <20 ng/ml) serum concentrations of 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), intact FGF23, sclerostin (SCL), osteocalcin (OC), and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX1) were determined.
Results: Results: Serum levels of both 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D were low (mean values 13.4±6.72 ng/ml and 12.9 ± 9.08 pmol/l, respectively). While serum 25(OH)D correlated only with a declared time spent outside (r= 0.411; p=0.000139), serum 1,25(OH)2D was related to diuresis (r= 0.289; p=0.009), and negatively to time on dialysis (r= -0.272; p=0.014) , serum phosphate (r= -0.393; p=0.000289), FGF23(r= -0.295; p=0.008), and SCL (r= -0.260; p=0.019). There was a marked dispersion of FGF-23 serum levels across the group (mean 823±5647, median 379 pg/ml) , and - as expected - they correlated highly with phosphate (r= 0.549, p=0.000), calcium (r= 0,328, p=0,003), OC (r=0.479; p=0.000), and negatively with z 1,25(OH)2D (r= -0.295, p=0.008). Mean serum SCL levels (89.2±46.7, median 81.9 pmol/l) were 3x higher than in general population, and correlated highly positively with dialysis vintage (r=0.402; p<0.001), age (r=0.356; p=0.001), as well as negatively with 1,25(OH)2D (r= -0.260; p=0.019) and CTX1 (r= -0.293; p=0.008).
Conclusion: Conclusions: In our hemodialysis population, in addition to profoundly impaired 1,25(OH)2D synthesis, there is also a widespread prevalence of 25(OH)D deficiency. The patients have also markedly increased serum bone-secreted proteins, FGF23, and SCL, which regulate mineral and bone metabolism and are associated with the systemic side effects of uremia. All these hormones interact one with the other, creating a sophisticated cross-talk between the bone, intestine, and the kidney.
Keywords: chronic kidney disease; vitamin D; FGF23; hemodialysis; mineral and bone disorder; sclerostin.