Evaluation of antioxidant status and oxidative stress markers in thermal sulfurous springs residents

Zaid Altaany; Almuthanna Alkaraki; Ahmed Abu-Siniyeh; Waleed Al Momani; Omar Taani

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02885

Evaluation of antioxidant status and oxidative stress markers in thermal sulfurous springs residents

Heliyon. 2019 Nov 29;5(11):e02885. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02885. eCollection 2019 Nov.

Authors

Zaid Altaany¹, Almuthanna Alkaraki², Ahmed Abu-Siniyeh³, Waleed Al Momani¹, Omar Taani⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, 21163, Jordan.
² Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, 21163, Jordan.
³ Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of science, Al-Balqa' Applied University, Jordan.
⁴ King Abdulla University Hospital, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.

Abstract

Sulfurous springs have been traditionally used in medical treatment for different purposes. These beneficial effects of sulfurous water have been attributed to the presence of sulfurous compounds mainly in the form of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). The purpose of the present study is to explore the effects of long-term exposure to sulfurous springs on oxidative stress and antioxidant biomarkers responses in individuals who lived nearby the sulfurous springs. The studied area was Al- Hammah sulfurous springs, which is located in the northern part of the Jordan Rift Valley and host many sulfurous springs. Residents in sulfurous springs area are continuously exposed to water and gases emission more than the overall population. We have found that the sulphate levels were 7 times higher in sulfurous springs water samples than control water samples. The majority of the volunteers involved in the present study were more than ten years long residence and lived in range distance between one to five kilometers (less than 3 miles) away from main sulfurous spring, and visited the sulfurous spring at least once a month. We did not find any noticeable symptoms in sulfur spring residents such as headaches, nausea, breathing problems. The total oxidative stress (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) in sulfurous spring residents were lower than control individuals. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total nitric oxide (NO_X) levels were higher in sulfurous spring residents compared to control group. Furthermore, we have highlighted that living nearby the sulfurous springs does not affect oxygen saturation levels (SPO₂) or heart pulse rate . These findings suggest that long-term exposure to sulfurous springs boost the antioxidant capacity and reduce oxidative stress levels in the human body. Hence, visiting sulfurous springs can act as natural remedies to diminish oxidative stress as they show promising potential in several-oxidative stress-related diseases treatment.

Keywords: Al- Hammah springs; Antioxidant; Antioxidant capacity; Hydrogen sulfide; Long term H2S exposure; Oxidative stress; Sulfurous springs treatment.