The close interactions between abiotic and biotic components create a variety of three-dimensional (3-D) landscape patterns. Landscape ecology, as a discipline of studying patterns and ecological processes, has made rapid progress in the exploration of 3-D space with the improvement of data acquirement ability, such as lidar technology. The real surface landscape can be described considering 3-D data, which improves the consistency between landscape indices and ecological process, and has overcome the shortage of ecological meanings of traditional researches. However, the lack of universality of methods and conclusions still exist due to different study backgrounds. The sensitivities of research results will increase with the expansion from two-dimensional to 3-D scale because of the increasing data quantity and accuracy. How to select and process the suitable scaled data to get more scientific conclusions need to be discussed in the future. The integration of multi-scale, multi-source and a long time series data will be the study trend with data acquisition becoming more convenient. In addition to the dynamic monitoring and prediction studies, the sustainable and ecological restoration application combined with landscape planning and design will be an important research direction.
非生物与生物的密切交互造就了多种多样的三维景观格局,景观生态学作为研究格局和生态学过程的学科,其在三维空间的探索随着激光雷达等三维数据提取技术的完善取得了快速进步.三维数据的引入使得研究更贴近真实地表景观,研究结果与相关生态学指标具有更明显的同向趋势.这改善了传统研究缺乏生态学意义的问题.但由于研究背景不同,研究方法和研究结论仍缺乏普适性.另一方面,研究结果对尺度变化的敏感度也因三维数据量的扩大而增加,如何选择并处理适宜尺度的数据使结论更加科学,是未来需要注意并探讨的问题.未来,随着数据获取更加便捷,研究将向长时间多尺度多源数据集成化发展,除动态监测及预测外,结合景观规划设计的可持续规划和生态恢复应用也是重要的研究方向之一.
Keywords: air pollution; complex terrain; mountain landscape; three-dimensional pattern; urban heat island; urban landscape.