Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Disease After Male Germ Cell Cancer

J Clin Oncol. 2020 Feb 20;38(6):584-592. doi: 10.1200/JCO.19.01180. Epub 2019 Dec 10.

Abstract

Purpose: To analyze the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) after treatment of male germ cell cancer (GCC).

Methods: Clinical data were extracted from the Danish Testicular Cancer database. For each patient, 10 men matched on date of birth were identified in the Danish normal population by risk-set sampling. Cardiovascular risk factors, CVD, and associated deaths were identified in Danish registries. The association between treatment and outcomes was analyzed by separate Cox models for each outcome. Cancer treatment was included as a time-varying covariate.

Results: We included 5,185 patients with GCC and 51,850 men in the normal population. Median follow-up was 15.8 years. Treatment with bleomycin-etoposide-cisplatin (BEP; n = 1,819) was associated with increased risks of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Hazard ratios (HRs) of CVD < 1 year after initiation of BEP treatment were as follows: myocardial infarction (HR, 6.3; 95% CI, 2.9 to 13.9), cerebrovascular accident (HR, 6.0; 95% CI, 2.6 to 14.1), and venous thromboembolism (HR, 24.7; 95% CI, 14.0 to 43.6). One year after BEP treatment, the risk of CVD decreased to normal levels, but after 10 years, increasing risks were found for myocardial infarction (HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0 to 2.0) and cardiovascular death (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.0 to 2.5). Radiotherapy (n = 780) increased the risk of diabetes at long-term follow-up (HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0 to 2.0) but not that of other outcomes. With surveillance (n = 3,332), cardiovascular risk factors, CVD, and cardiovascular death data were comparable to that of the normal population.

Conclusion: Treatment with BEP was associated with highly increased risks of CVD < 1 year after treatment start and mildly increased risks after 10 years of follow-up. Radiotherapy increased the risk of diabetes but not incident CVD. The risk of CVD in patients followed in a surveillance program was comparable to that of the normal population.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / adverse effects*
  • Bleomycin / adverse effects
  • Cardiovascular Diseases / epidemiology*
  • Cardiovascular Diseases / etiology
  • Cisplatin / adverse effects
  • Etoposide / adverse effects
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / therapy*
  • Radiotherapy / adverse effects*
  • Risk Factors
  • Testicular Neoplasms / therapy*

Substances

  • Bleomycin
  • Etoposide
  • Cisplatin

Supplementary concepts

  • BEP protocol
  • Testicular Germ Cell Tumor