Abstract
The importance of the postprandial state has been acknowledged, since hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia are linked with several chronic systemic low-grade inflammation conditions. Humans spend more than 16 h per day in the postprandial state and the postprandial state is acknowledged as a complex interplay between nutrients, hormones and diet-derived metabolites. The purpose of this review is to provide insight into the physiology of the postprandial inflammatory response, the role of different nutrients, the pro-inflammatory effects of metabolic endotoxemia and the anti-inflammatory effects of bile acids. Moreover, we discuss nutritional strategies that may be linked to the described pathways to modulate the inflammatory component of the postprandial response.
Keywords:
bile acids; low-grade inflammation; microbiome; nutrients; postprandial inflammation.
MeSH terms
-
Bile Acids and Salts / immunology*
-
Bile Acids and Salts / metabolism*
-
Complement C3 / metabolism
-
Diet, Mediterranean
-
Diet, Western
-
Endotoxemia / metabolism*
-
Fibroblast Growth Factors / immunology
-
Fibroblast Growth Factors / metabolism
-
Humans
-
Inflammation / metabolism*
-
Lipopolysaccharides / blood
-
Metabolic Diseases / diet therapy
-
NF-kappa B / metabolism
-
Nutrients / metabolism*
-
Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
-
Oxidative Stress
-
Postprandial Period
-
Reactive Oxygen Species
-
Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / immunology
-
Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / metabolism
-
Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / immunology
-
Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / metabolism
Substances
-
Bile Acids and Salts
-
Complement C3
-
FGF19 protein, human
-
Lipopolysaccharides
-
NF-kappa B
-
Reactive Oxygen Species
-
Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear
-
Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
-
XCR1 protein, human
-
farnesoid X-activated receptor
-
Fibroblast Growth Factors