This study investigated nickel and cobalt ion release from the metals and several alloys in synthetic gastric, as well as interstitial and lysosomal lung fluids. Results were used to calculate the relative bioaccessible concentrations (RBCs) of the metals. Nickel release from SS 316L powder in gastric fluid was >300-fold lower than from a simple mixture of powders of the same bulk composition. Gastric bioaccessibility data showed 50-fold higher metal releases per gram of sample from powder than massive forms. RBCs of nickel and cobalt in the alloy powders were lower, equal, or higher in all fluids tested than their bulk concentrations. This illustrates the fact that matrix effects can increase or decrease the metal ion release, depending on the metal ingredients, alloy type, and fluid, consistent with research by others. Acute inhalation toxicity studies with cobalt-containing alloy powders showed that the RBC of cobalt in interstitial lung fluid predicted acute toxicity better than bulk concentration. This example indicates that the RBC of a metal in an alloy may estimate the concentration of bioavailable metals better than the bulk concentration, and the approach may provide a means to refine the classification of alloys for several human health endpoints.
Keywords: Alloys; Bioaccessibility; Bioelution; Classification; Cobalt; Metal; Nickel; Relative bioaccessible concentration; Stainless steel.
Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.