The symptoms of genitourinary syndrome of menopause are considered as typical for late menopausal period. However, these symptoms are increasingly diagnosed in perimenopausal and early menopausal period. Women seldom seek medical care, since autonomic menopausal symptoms are usually more bothersome. In many cases, doctors are not sure in necessity of any hormonal replacement. Moreover, a confusion still exists between systemic hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and local estrogen preparations. Besides moisturizers and local intravaginal estrogens, novel treatment modalities have emerged that extend therapeutic armamentarium.
Keywords: dyspareunia; genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) dryness; non- sexual dysfunction; non-hormonal moisturizers; pruritus; pseudocystitis; urine incontinence; vaginal estrogens.