Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of death and disability worldwide. We investigated whether inhibition of p53 using pifithrin (PFT)-α or PFT-μ provides neuroprotective effects via p53 transcriptional dependent or -independent mechanisms, respectively. Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to controlled cortical impact TBI followed by the administration of PFTα or PFT-μ (2 mg/kg, i.v.) at 5 h after TBI. Brain contusion volume, as well as sensory and motor functions were evaluated at 24 h after TBI. TBI-induced impairments were mitigated by both PFT-α and PFT-μ. Fluoro-Jade C staining was used to label degenerating neurons within the TBI-induced cortical contusion region that, together with Annexin V positive neurons, were reduced by PFT-μ. Double immunofluorescence staining similarly demonstrated that PFT-μ significantly increased HO-1 positive neurons and mRNA expression in the cortical contusion region as well as decreased numbers of 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE)-positive cells. Levels of mRNA encoding for p53, autophagy, mitophagy, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory related genes and proteins were measured by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemical staining, respectively. PFT-α, but not PFT-μ, significantly lowered p53 mRNA expression. Both PFT-α and PFT-μ lowered TBI-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) mRNA levels as well as TBI-induced autophagic marker localization (LC3 and p62). Finally, treatment with PFT-μ mitigated TBI-induced declines in mRNA levels of PINK-1 and SOD2. Our data suggest that both PFT-μ and PFT-α provide neuroprotective actions through regulation of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, autophagy, and mitophagy mechanisms, and that PFT-μ, in particular, holds promise as a TBI treatment strategy.
Keywords: Autophagy; Mitophagy; Neuroinflammation; PFT-α; PFT-μ; Pifithrin analogs; Traumatic brain injury (TBI); p53.
Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Inc.