The applications of nanoparticulate drug delivery have received abundant interest in the field of cancer diagnosis and treatment. By virtue of their unique features and design, nanomedicines have made remarkable progress in eliminating dreadful tumors. Research in cancer nanomedicine has spanned multitudes of drug delivery systems that possess high tumor targeting ability, sensitivity towards tumor microenvironments and improved efficacy. Various nanocarriers have been developed and approved for anti-tumor drug targeting. These nanocarriers, i.e., liposomes, micelles, nanotubes, dendrimers and peptides, offer a wide range of advantages, such as high selectivity, multi-functionality, specificity, biocompatibility and precise control of drug release. Nanomedicines based on self-assembled peptide carrier systems have been developed in recent years for cancer targeting. Self-assembled peptides have tremendous properties of forming targeted drug delivery vehicles such as nanohydrogels with unique features and functionality. In this review article, we discuss some developments in cancer nanomedicine. We present a diverse range of nanotargeted drug-delivery systems.