Abstract
The programmed death 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) are negative regulators of T-cell immune function. Removal of these "brakes" in T cells results in increased activation of the immune system and controlling and eradicating tumor. The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is a revolutionary milestone in tumor immunotherapy. Obtaining the atomic structure of the human immune checkpoint receptor/ICI therapeutic antibody complex is essential for understanding its inhibition mechanism and the rational design of improved biotherapeutics. In this chapter, we describe the methods for efficient production of extracellular domain of human immune checkpoint receptors and Fv fragments of ICI therapeutic antibodies in milligram quantities sufficient for structural studies, taking examples of the PD-1/pembrolizumab Fv and CTLA-4-ipilimumab Fv complexes.
Keywords:
Crystallography; Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4); Fv fragment; Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs); Programmed death 1 (PD-1); Secretory expression; Therapeutic antibody.
© 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
MeSH terms
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Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / chemistry
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Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / pharmacology
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Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / therapeutic use
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Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological / chemistry
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Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological / pharmacology*
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Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological / therapeutic use
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Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals / chemistry
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Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals / pharmacology
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Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals / therapeutic use
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CTLA-4 Antigen / antagonists & inhibitors
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CTLA-4 Antigen / genetics
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CTLA-4 Antigen / immunology
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CTLA-4 Antigen / isolation & purification
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Humans
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Immunoglobulin Variable Region / chemistry
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Immunoglobulin Variable Region / pharmacology*
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Immunoglobulin Variable Region / therapeutic use
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Ipilimumab / chemistry
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Ipilimumab / pharmacology
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Ipilimumab / therapeutic use
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Models, Molecular
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Neoplasms / drug therapy*
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Neoplasms / immunology
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Neoplasms / pathology
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Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / antagonists & inhibitors
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Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / genetics
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Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / immunology
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Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / isolation & purification
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Protein Domains / genetics
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Protein Domains / immunology
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Recombinant Proteins / genetics
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Recombinant Proteins / immunology
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Recombinant Proteins / isolation & purification
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Recombinant Proteins / metabolism
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X-Ray Diffraction / methods*
Substances
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Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
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Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological
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Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals
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CTLA-4 Antigen
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CTLA4 protein, human
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Immunoglobulin Variable Region
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Ipilimumab
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PDCD1 protein, human
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Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
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Recombinant Proteins
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pembrolizumab