Dynamics of tuberculosis in Wau, South Sudan during a period of armed conflict

Caeser Sobe Jermano Boyong; Clovice Kankya; Muleme James; M Munyeme; A S Jubara; D Ndoboli; G Ekuka; A Muwonge

doi:10.1016/j.jctube.2018.06.001

Dynamics of tuberculosis in Wau, South Sudan during a period of armed conflict

J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis. 2018 Jul 17:12:54-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jctube.2018.06.001. eCollection 2018 Aug.

Authors

Caeser Sobe Jermano Boyong^{1

2}, Clovice Kankya², Muleme James², M Munyeme³, A S Jubara⁴, D Ndoboli⁵, G Ekuka⁶, A Muwonge⁷

Affiliations

¹ Department of Clinical Studies University of Bahr El Ghazal, College of Veterinary Science, Wau South, Sudan.
² Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public health, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Uganda.
³ Department of Disease Control, The University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Zambia.
⁴ Department of Surgery and Gynecology, University of Bahr El Ghazal-College of Veterinary Science-Wau.
⁵ Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Uganda.
⁶ National Tuberculosis Referral Laboratory, Uganda, Kampala.
⁷ Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine and Veterinary studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.

Abstract

Background: South Sudan has endured decades of armed conflict, with the most recent in 2016. This has left the health system and infrastructure overstretched by a myriad of infectious diseases like tuberculosis. Our study aimed at quantitatively and qualitatively documenting TB dynamics and challenges with access to health care during a period of civil unrest in Wau.

Materials & methods: A cross sectional study was carried out between January and February 2016 at Wau Teaching Hospital (WTH). Sputum was randomly collected from 207 of the 1035 TB suspects and analyzed using Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) and Fluorescent Microscopy (FM), Culture, Capilia MTBC Neo, and DST. The laboratory results and questionnaire metadata were used for descriptive statistics, logistic regression in R version 3.4.2. These results were presented along with results from a qualitative assessment of the situation at WTH.

Results: Of 207 TB suspects, 39 (18.8%) were positive on FM with bacilli growth on culture, later confirmed as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Only 5.4% of the cases were resistant to Isoniazid. Age; 20-45 OR = 13 (95%CI = 2.4-25.6, p = 0.011), > 46 OR = 3 (95%CI = 0.5-58, p = 0.005) and raw milk consumption OR = 2.2 (95%CI = 0.37-42.48, p = 0.005) were associated with being TB positive. The qualitative evaluation reveals that gunfights in the surroundings of Wau influenced the number of patients attending WTH, with some travelling up to 545 km to seek medical attention.

Conclusion: We report a high prevalence of tuberculosis among patients who presented at WTH, with approximately 1 out of 5 individuals testing positive for tuberculosis. This is likely an underestimation given the challenges patients had to endure as they sought medical attention. Tuberculosis epidemiology is likely to be driven by individual and household factors, but further investigations are needed to fully understand the risk profile. The tools in use were adequate for TB diagnostics and we observed a remarkably low prevalence of drug resistance, a statistic that is worth preserving. We therefore call for action from all stakeholders.

Keywords: Armed conflict; South Sudan; Tuberculosis; Wau.