HIV prevalence and correlated factors among male clients of female sex workers in a border region of China

Jing Zhu; Dan Hu; Yueqi Yin; Zhibin Zhu; Ning Wang; Bei Wang

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225072

HIV prevalence and correlated factors among male clients of female sex workers in a border region of China

PLoS One. 2019 Nov 7;14(11):e0225072. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225072. eCollection 2019.

Authors

Jing Zhu¹, Dan Hu², Yueqi Yin¹, Zhibin Zhu³, Ning Wang⁴, Bei Wang¹

Affiliations

¹ Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
² Department of Health Policy and Management, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
³ Hekou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hekou, Yunnan, P.R. China.
⁴ National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China.

Abstract

Objectives: To assess the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the correlated risk factors among male clients of female sex workers (FSWs) in a Chinese-Vietnamese border region in Yunnan Province, China.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between 2014 and 2015 in Hekou County, Yunnan Province, China. Convenience sampling and snowball sampling methods were used to recruit male clients for a questionnaire survey to collect information on demographics, sexual behavior, and drug use. Blood and urine samples were collected for testing of HIV/sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and drug use. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine factors correlated with HIV infection.

Results: Of 776 respondents who participated in the study, 721 (92.91%) were Chinese and 55 (7.09%) were Vietnamese. Overall HIV prevalence in male clients of FSWs was 2.06%, 128 (16.49%) were infected with HSV-2, and five (0.64%) tested syphilis-positive. Two-thirds (68.81%) of respondents reported always using condoms with FSWs, and 89.05% reported condom use in the last episode of commercial sex. Male clients from Vietnam were significantly more likely to take morphine (9.09%) compared with Chinese male clients of FSWs. Age ≥50 years (OR: 8.11, 95%CI: 1.26-52.16) and morphine positivity (OR: 7.35, 95%CI: 1.42-38.06) were associated with HIV infection in the multivariate logistic regression model.

Conclusion: The relatively high proportion of male clients of FSWs who have numerous sexual partners and use condoms less frequently make them serve as important bridges for HIV transmission from FSWs to the low-risk general population. The positive association between morphine positivity and HIV infection confirmed illegal drug use as another important route for acquiring HIV infection in addition to sexual transmission, indicating that innovative interventions addressing both drug use and risky sexual behaviors are greatly required for male clients. Respondents aged ≥50 years have a higher risk of HIV infection, which emphasizes that older male clients of FSWs should be focused in future HIV prevention interventions in the border regions of China.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Adult
China / epidemiology
Female
HIV Infections / epidemiology*
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Prevalence
Sex Workers / statistics & numerical data*
Sexual Behavior / statistics & numerical data
Substance-Related Disorders / epidemiology

Grants and funding

This work was supported by Mega-Projects of National Science Research for the 12th Five-Year Plan (2012ZX10001-001). URLs: http://www.nmp.gov.cn/ Ning Wang received this grant. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.