This study investigated the effect of caffeine on neuromuscular function, power and sprint performance during the days following an eccentric-based exercise. Using a randomly counterbalanced, crossover and double-blinded design, eleven male jumpers and sprinters (age: 18.7 ± 2.7 years) performed a half-squat exercise (4 x 12 repetitions at 70% of 1 RM), with eccentric action emphasized by using a flexible strip attached to their knees (Tirante Musculador®). They ingested either a capsule of placebo or caffeine (5 mg.kg-1 body mass) 24, 48 and 72 h after. Neuromuscular function and muscle power (vertical countermovement-jump test) were assessed before and after the half-squat exercise and 50 min after the placebo or caffeine ingestion at each time-point post-exercise. Sprint performance was measured at pre-test and 75 min after the placebo or caffeine ingestion at each time-point post-exercise. Maximal voluntary contraction (overall fatigue) and twitch torque (peripheral fatigue) reduced after the half-squat exercise (-11 and -28%, respectively, P < 0.05) but returned to baseline 24 h post-exercise (P > 0.05) and were not affected by caffeine ingestion (P > 0.05). The voluntary activation (central fatigue) and sprint performance were not altered throughout the experiment and were not different between caffeine and placebo. However, caffeine increased height and power during the vertical countermovement-jump test at 48 and 72 h post half-squat exercise, when compared to the placebo (P < 0.05). In conclusion, caffeine improves muscle power 48 and 72 h after an eccentric-based exercise, but it has no effect on neuromuscular function and sprint performance.