Recent advances in stem cell biology, synthetic biology, bioengineering, and biotechnology have included significant work leading to the development of stem cell-derived organoids. The growing popularity of organoid research and use of organoids is widely due to the fact that these three-dimensional cellular structures better model human physiology compared to traditional in vitro and in vivo methods by recapitulating many biologically relevant parameters. Organoids show great promise for a wide range of applications, such as for use in disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. However, many challenges associated with reproducibility and scale up still remain. Identification of the conditions which generate a robust environment that predictably promotes cellular self-assembly and organization leading to organoid formation is critical and requires a multidisciplinary approach. To accomplish this we need to identify a cellular source, engineer a matrix to stimulate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, and provide the biochemical and biophysical cues which mimic that of the in vivo environment. Discussion of the components needed for organoid development and formation is reviewed herein, as well as specific organoid examples and the promise of this research for the future.
Keywords: Biomaterials; Brain; Cardiac; Intestine; Self-assembly; Stem cells.