Phosphorylation of duck gizzard caldesmon by Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase and casein kinase II has been investigated. The Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase incorporates more than 3 mol phosphate per mol (140 kDa) caldesmon. All phosphorylation sites are localized in the actin- and calmodulin-binding peptide (40-45 kDa) supposed to be a part of the C-terminal domain of caldesmon. Casein kinase II phosphorylates only one site located in a short (25-27 kDa) peptide, presumably in the caldesmon N-terminal domain. The Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates two sites located in the N- and C-terminal domains of caldesmon.