Aortic, common carotid and external iliac artery arterial wall stiffness parameters in horses: Inter-day and inter-observer and intra-observer measurement variability

Abstract

Background: In human medicine, local and regional arterial wall stiffness (AWS) parameters are routinely used to assess the vascular health. In horses, information regarding reproducibility of ultrasonographically derived AWS parameters is lacking.

Objectives: To evaluate the inter-day and inter-observer and intra-observer measurement variability of both local and regional AWS parameters in horses.

Study design: Experimental study.

Methods: In 10 healthy, adult Warmblood horses, B-, M-mode and pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasound images were collected on two different days from aorta, cranial and caudal common carotid arteries and external iliac artery. Heart rate and noninvasive blood pressure were recorded simultaneously. From blinded data, diastolic and systolic vessel lumen areas and diameters were measured from B/M-mode images and the velocity of the pressure wave was determined by pulsed-wave Doppler spectra. From each horse, one examination was measured again by the same observer and by a second, independent observer. Local and regional AWS parameters were calculated and inter-day and inter-observer and intra-observer measurement coefficient of variation (CV) were assessed.

Results: Low CV was found for both arterial diameter and lumen area measurements. Moderate to high CV was found for local AWS parameters, while regional AWS parameters had low CV.

Main limitations: The number of horses investigated was too low to obtain reference values. The inter-operator variability was not evaluated.

Conclusions: Our results show good reproducibility of aortic, carotid and external iliac artery diameter and area measurements using both B- and M-mode ultrasonography. Nevertheless, the variability of the derived local AWS parameters was relatively high. Therefore, local AWS parameters might be less suitable for follow-up studies, although they might be useful for population studies. On the other hand, regional AWS parameters showed low CV, making them valuable for both follow-up and population studies.

Keywords: compliance coefficient; distensibility coefficient; horse; pulse wave velocity; stiffness index.