ATP-driven reactions are required for the assembly of large stress granules

Abstract

Stress granules (SGs) are functional messenger ribonucleoprotein aggregates, and their assembly is an important cellular process required for remodeling the signaling network to cope with extensive environmental stresses. SG formation is a stepwise process that involves the formation of a stable core followed by a less stable outer shell, and this process is often hampered by faulty regulation of protein phosphorylation. It remains unclear, however, which kinase activity is essential for SG formation. Here, we screened small molecule library of kinase inhibitors using a well-validated fluorogenic SG probe. Our screen, time-lapse microscopy, and biochemical analyses identified an ATP-mimetic SG inhibitor that selectively interferes with the fusion and growth, rather than the initial assembly, of SG core structures into the large assemblies. Thus, SGs utilize ATP-dependent chemical reactions to achieve their functional architectures.

Keywords: 5′-iodotubercidin (5′-ITU); Adenosine triphosphate (ATP); Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS); Ras-GTPase-activating protein SH3-domain-binding protein 1 (G3BP1); Stress granules (SGs).