The search for non-invasive markers of cardiac diseases comes back to the 12-lead electrocardiogram

Affiliations

• ¹ UOC Cardiologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy. Electronic address: federico.lombardi@unimi.it.
• ² UOC Cardiologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy.
• ³ National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, England, UK.
• ⁴ Technische Universitat Munchen, Munchen, Germany.