Zwitterionic Nanohydrogels-Decorated Microporous Membrane with Ultrasensitive Salt Responsiveness for Controlled Water Transport

Abstract

Highly sensitive responsiveness is vital for stimuli-responsive membranes. However, it is a great challenge to fabricate stimuli-responsive membranes with ultrahigh gating ratio (the ratio of the salt solution permeating flux to the pure water permeating flux) and high response speed simultaneously. In this work, a salt-responsive membrane with an ultrahigh gating ratio is fabricated via a facile strategy by grafting zwitterionic nanohydrogels onto a poly(acrylic acid)-grafting-poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PAA-g-PVDF) microporous membrane. Due to the synergistic effect of two functional materials, PAA chains and zwitterionic nanohydrogels tethered on PAA chains, this stimuli-responsive membrane exhibits an ultrasensitive salt responsiveness with a gating ratio of up to 8.76 times for Na⁺ ions, 89.6 times for Mg²⁺ ions, and 89.3 times for Ca²⁺ ions. In addition, such zwitterionic nanohydrogels-grafted PAA-g-PVDF (ZNG-g-PVDF) membranes exhibit very rapid responses to stimuli. The permeating flux changes swiftly while altering the feed solution in a continuous filtration process. The excellent salt-responsive characteristics endow such a ZNG-g-PVDF membrane with great potential for applications like drug delivery, water treatment, and sensors.

Keywords: flux regulation; gating membrane; salt responsivity; zwitterionic nanohydrogels.