Falls When Standing, Falls When Walking: Different Mechanisms, Different Outcomes in Parkinson Disease

Abraham Lieberman; Aman Deep; Markey C Olson; Victoria Smith Hussain; Christopher W Frames; Margaret McCauley; Thurmon E Lockhart

doi:10.7759/cureus.5329

Falls When Standing, Falls When Walking: Different Mechanisms, Different Outcomes in Parkinson Disease

Cureus. 2019 Aug 6;11(8):e5329. doi: 10.7759/cureus.5329.

Authors

Abraham Lieberman¹, Aman Deep², Markey C Olson³, Victoria Smith Hussain³, Christopher W Frames³, Margaret McCauley³, Thurmon E Lockhart⁴

Affiliations

¹ Neurology, Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, USA.
² Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, USA.
³ Neurology, Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center, Bob & Renee Parsons Fall Prevention Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, USA.
⁴ Biomedical Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA.

Abstract

Our retrospective study of falls and resultant trauma in consecutive Parkinson disease (PD) patients seen in one year at the Muhammad Ali Parkinson Clinic found that multiple-fallers could be divided into patients who fell mainly when walking or those who fell mainly when standing. Patients who fell when walking were more likely to visit an emergency room or be admitted to a hospital. Of 455 consecutive patients who were evaluated over a one-year period, 51 were excluded because they had atypical Parkinson disorders, had multiple risk factors for falling, or were demented. Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scales and Zeno Walkway results were compared among non-fallers, single-fallers, and multiple-fallers. Among multiple-fallers, comparisons were made between patients who fell mainly when standing and those who fell mainly when walking. Most patients (197, 49%) did not fall, 142 (35%) fell once, and 65 (16%) fell more than once. Multiple-fallers differed significantly from single-fallers and non-fallers: they had PD significantly longer (p<0.001), were more severely affected (p<0.001), and took shorter steps (p<0.001). Of 65 multiple-fallers, 26 (40%) fell mainly when standing, 28 (43%) fell mainly when walking, and 11 (17%) fell equally often when standing or walking. Falls when walking resulted in more severe injuries. Patients who fell mainly when standing did not realize they could fall when standing; engaged in inappropriate weight shifting, bending, reaching, and multitasking; and failed to use their assistive devices. Such patients would benefit from being counseled about falling when standing. Patients who fell mainly when walking were aware they could fall, despite using an assisted device, and were more likely to have freezing of gait (FOG). They were more likely to sustain a severe injury, and were more likely to be admitted to an emergency room or hospital. Such patients would benefit from reducing, if possible, FOG.

Keywords: falls when standing; falls when walking; locomotion; parkinson disease; postural stability.

Grants and funding

L30 AG022963/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States