Although relatively uncommon, the incidence of fetal echogenic lung lesions - a heterogeneous group of anomalies that includes congenital pulmonary airway malformations (CPAM) and bronchopulmonary sequestrations (BPS) - has increased recently. Two decades ago, the CPAM-volume ratio (CVR) was first described as a tool to predict the development of hydrops, with this outcome found to be unlikely in fetuses with CVRs of ≤1.6 cm2. Since then, no clear international consensus has evolved as to the optimal CVR thresholds for the prediction of fetal/neonatal outcomes. This systematic review aimed to assess all original research studies that reported on the predictive utility of the CVR. Potentially relevant papers were identified through searching for citations of the paper that originally described the CVR, in addition to keyword searches of electronic databases. Fifty-two original research papers were included in the final review. Of these, 34 used the CVR for descriptive purposes only, 5 assessed the validity of established thresholds in different populations, and 13 proposed new thresholds. The evidence identified in this review would suggest that a threshold much lower than 1.6 cm2 is likely to be of greater utility in most populations for many outcomes of perinatal relevance. For neonatal outcomes (mostly respiratory compromise at birth), a CVR on the initial ultrasound scan ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 cm2 appears to have the greatest predictive value. Although a number of studies concurred that 1.6 cm2 was a useful threshold for the prediction of hydrops, many others were unable to assess this due to the rarity of this complication. For this reason, thresholds as low as 0.4 cm2 may be more useful for the prediction of a broader range of fetal concerns, including mediastinal shift and fluid collections. Further large-scale studies are required to determine the true utility of this well-established index.
Keywords: Bronchopulmonary sequestration; Congenital pulmonary airway malformation; Fetal diseases; Fetal echogenic lung lesion; Hydrops fetalis; Prenatal ultrasonography.
© 2019 S. Karger AG, Basel.