Biomechanical modeling of deep squatting: Effects of the interface contact between posterior thigh and shank

Abstract

Epidemiological studies indicate that occupational activities that require extended deep knee flexion or kneeling are associated with a higher prevalence of knee osteoarthritis. In many sport activities, such as a catcher in a baseball or a softball game, athletes have to make repetitive deep squatting motions, which have been associated with the development of osteochondritis dissecans. Excessive deep knee flexion postures may cause excessive loading in the knee joint. In deep knee flexion postures, the posterior aspect of the shank will contact the posterior thigh, resulting in a compressive force within the soft tissues. The current study was aimed at analyzing the effects of the posterior thigh/shank contact on the joint loading during deep knee flexion in a natural knee. An existing, whole body model with detailed anatomical components of the knee (AnyBody) has been adopted and modified for this study. The effects of the posterior thigh/shank contact were evaluated by comparing the results of the inverse dynamic analysis for two scenarios: with and without the posterior thigh/shank contact force. Our results showed that, in a deep squatting posture (knee flexion 120+ degrees), the posterior thigh/shank contact helps reduce the patellofemoral (PF) and tibiofemoral (TF) normal contact forces by 42% and 57%, respectively.

Keywords: Inverse dynamics; Knee joint; Muscle; Soft tissue; Squatting.