Hydroxylation of Steroids by a Microbial Substrate-Promiscuous P450 Cytochrome (CYP105D7): Key Arginine Residues for Rational Design

Abstract

Our previous study showed that CYP105D7, a substrate-promiscuous P450, catalyzes the hydroxylation of 1-deoxypentalenic acid, diclofenac, naringenin, and compactin. In this study, 14 steroid compounds were screened using recombinant Escherichia coli cells harboring genes encoding CYP105D7 and redox partners (Pdx/Pdr, RhFRED, and FdxH/FprD), and the screening identified steroid A-ring 2β- and D-ring 16β-hydroxylation activity. Wild-type CYP105D7 was able to catalyze the hydroxylation of five steroids (testosterone, progesterone, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, adrenosterone, and cortisone) with low (<10%) conversion rates. Structure-guided site-directed mutagenesis of arginine residues around the substrate entrance and active site showed that the R70A and R190A single mutants and an R70A/R190A double mutant exhibited greatly enhanced conversion rates for steroid hydroxylation. For the conversion of testosterone in particular, the R70A/R190A mutant's k_cat/K_m values increased 1.35-fold and the in vivo conversion rates increased significantly by almost 9-fold with high regio- and stereoselectivity. Molecular docking analysis revealed that when Arg70 and Arg190 were replaced with alanine, the volume of the substrate access and binding pocket increased 1.08-fold, which might facilitate improvement of the hydroxylation efficiency of steroids.IMPORTANCE Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are able to introduce oxygen atoms into nonreactive hydrocarbon compounds under mild conditions, thereby offering significant advantages compared to chemical catalysts. Promiscuous P450s with broad substrate specificity and reaction diversity have significant potential for applications in various fields, including synthetic biology. The study of the function, molecular mechanisms, and rational engineering of substrate-promiscuous P450s from microbial sources is important to fulfill this potential. Here, we present a microbial substrate-promiscuous P450, CYP105D7, which can catalyze hydroxylation of steroids. The loss of the bulky side chains of Arg70 and Arg190 in the active site and substrate entrance resulted in an up to 9-fold increase in the substrate conversion rate. These findings will support future rational and semirational engineering of P450s for applications as biocatalysts.

Keywords: CYP105D7; Streptomyces avermitilis; bioconversion; cytochrome P450; hydroxylation; steroids.