Effects of mechanical injury on the tribological rehydration and lubrication of articular cartilage

Margot S Farnham; Riley E Larson; David L Burris; Christopher Price

doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103422

Effects of mechanical injury on the tribological rehydration and lubrication of articular cartilage

J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2020 Jan:101:103422. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103422. Epub 2019 Sep 7.

Authors

Margot S Farnham¹, Riley E Larson², David L Burris³, Christopher Price⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA. Electronic address: mfarnham@udel.edu.
² Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA. Electronic address: larsonr@udel.edu.
³ Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA. Electronic address: dlburris@udel.edu.
⁴ Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA. Electronic address: cprice@udel.edu.

PMID: 31527014
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103422

Abstract

Healthy articular cartilage is crucial to joint function, as it provides the low friction and load bearing surface necessary for joint articulation. Nonetheless, joint injury places patients at increased risk of experiencing both accelerated cartilage degeneration and wear, and joint dysfunction due to post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). In this study, we used our ex vivo convergent stationary contact area (cSCA) explant testing configuration to demonstrate that high-speed sliding of healthy tissues against glass could drive consistent and reproducible recovery of compression-induced cartilage deformation, through the mechanism of 'tribological rehydration'. In contrast, the presence of physical cartilage damage, mimicking those injuries known to precipitate PTOA, could compromise tribological rehydration and the sliding-driven recovery of cartilage function. Full-thickness cartilage injuries (i.e. fissures and chondral defects) markedly suppressed sliding-driven tribological rehydration. In contrast, impaction to cartilage, which caused surface associated damage, had little effect on the immediate tribomechanical response of explants to sliding (deformation/strain, tribological rehydration, and friction/lubricity). By leveraging the unique ability of the cSCA configuration to support tribological rehydration, this study permitted the first direct ex vivo investigation of injury-dependent strain and friction outcomes in cartilage under testing conditions that replicate and maintain physiologically-relevant levels of fluid load support and frictional outcomes under high sliding speeds (80 mm/s) and moderate compressive stresses (~0.3 MPa). Understanding how injury alters cartilage tribomechanics during sliding sheds light on mechanisms by which cartilage's long-term resilience and low frictional properties are maintained, and can guide studies investigating the functional consequences of physical injury and joint articulation on cartilage health, disease, and rehabilitation.

Keywords: Cartilage biomechanics and tribology; Cartilage fissures and chondral defects; Cartilage strain and friction; Impact injury; Post-traumatic osteoarthritis.

Publication types

Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

MeSH terms

Animals
Biomechanical Phenomena
Cartilage, Articular / injuries*
Cartilage, Articular / metabolism*
Cartilage, Articular / physiopathology
Cattle
Compressive Strength
Friction
Joints / injuries
Mechanical Phenomena*
Stress, Mechanical