Comparing the reward value of cigarettes and food during tobacco abstinence and nonabstinence

Abstract

Background: Some addiction theories propose that nicotine dependence is characterized by an imbalance between motivation for cigarettes compared to non-drug rewards. This imbalance may become increasingly polarized during abstinence, which further potentiates smoking. The present study evaluated motivation for cigarettes and food during abstinence and nonabstinence in daily smokers. This study modified a previously validated cue-reactivity procedure to include food as a cue condition, thereby allowing the comparison of cigarettes to food and neutral cues. The Choice Behavior Under Cued Conditions (CBUCC) procedure, in which participants are presented with cues and spend money in order to gain immediate access to that cue, generates multiple variables to evaluate motivational factors and drug use behaviors including reward value, craving, seeking, choice time, and consumption.

Methods: Fifty daily cigarette smokers underwent two CBUCC sessions under overnight abstinent and nonabstinent conditions.

Results: As an index of reward value, participants spent more money to access cigarettes than food or water and more for food relative to water. Abstinence increased the reward value of cigarettes but did not significantly affect the reward value of food or water. Participants also demonstrated cue-specific craving for cigarettes and food, although overall cigarette craving was greater than food craving.

Conclusions: This study indicated that motivation was greater for cigarettes than food. Abstinence increased motivation for cigarettes but had little impact on motivation for food. This suggests that heavy smokers do not reallocate motivational resources towards cigarettes during abstinence; rather, motivational processes for food remain constant from nonabstinent to abstinent sessions.

Keywords: Abstinence; Craving; Food; Motivation; Reward value; Tobacco cigarettes.