Pterins as diagnostic markers of exercise-induced stress: a systematic review

Abstract

Objectives: To evaluate pterins as diagnostic biomarkers of exercise-induced stress.

Design: Systematic review of the literature.

Methods: MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science were searched in March 2019 for relevant literature. We only considered in vivo studies of healthy humans that reported measurement of a pterin(s) in response to exercise or sport with no underlying prior disease or complication. Relevant articles were independently reviewed and resolved by consensus.

Results: We included 29 studies with 644 participants. We classified articles by running/hiking, cycling, rugby, mixed martial arts (MMA) or other. Eighty-six percent of studies measured a significant increase in a pterin in response to exercise. Changes in pterin concentrations were within 24h of the exercise-stimulus in 79% of studies and 17% measured a change from baseline greater than 48h post-exercise (49% did not measure or report beyond 48h). Neopterin or total neopterin (neopterin+7,8-dihydroneopterin) were the primary pterin measured (28 studies) and they were equally sensitive to exercise regardless of whether the stimulus was running, cycling, rugby, MMA or other.

Conclusions: Neopterin and total neopterin increase in response to exercise-induced stress. Pterins may have limited capacity for monitoring long-term stress beyond 48h but further research is required.

Keywords: Biomarker; Exercise; Inflammation; Neopterin; Sport; Tetrahydrobiopterin.