The relationship between indoor and outdoor levels of PM10 and its chemical composition at schools in a coastal region in Spain

Susana Pallarés; EvaTrinidad Gómez; Africa Martínez; Manuel Miguel Jordán

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02270

The relationship between indoor and outdoor levels of PM10 and its chemical composition at schools in a coastal region in Spain

Heliyon. 2019 Aug 28;5(8):e02270. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02270. eCollection 2019 Aug.

Authors

Susana Pallarés¹, EvaTrinidad Gómez¹, Africa Martínez², Manuel Miguel Jordán³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Jaume I University, Campus Riu Sec s/n 12071, Castellón, Spain.
² Agricultural Economics Department, Cartographic Engineering, Graphic Expression in Engineering, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Ctra. Beniel km. 3,200, 03312, Orihuela (Alicante), Spain.
³ Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Avd. Universidad s/n 03202, Elche (Alicante), Spain.

Abstract

PM10 levels and its chemical composition were studied inside and outdoor of seven primary schools (3 in urban environment, 3 in industrial environment, 1 in rural environment) located in the Mediterranean coast in an area with an important industrial nucleus dedicated to the treatment of raw mineral materials. The main objective of this work is a comparison between these levels obtained inside and outside schools and also asses the influence of various natural and anthropogenic emission sources on particles concentrations found inside. The indoor airborne samples were collected using RespiCon TM. In the three outdoor sampling stations was used a minivol air sampler type 3.1 LVS of Derenda. PM10 Chemical composition was obtained by ICP-MS (elements) and ion chromatography The ratio I/O (indoor/outdoor) has been calculated taking into account only the samples taken in the same conditions. In all schools the ratio I/O for PM10 was greater than unity (between 1.3 and 7.8), indicating that existed significant indoor sources of these particles. In the three schools located in the industrial environment were collected PM10 samples inside and outside in non-teaching periods. Comparing the values of I/O when the classrooms were unoccupied with respect to the average value of these same schools when the classrooms are occupied, the behaviour is different depending on the location. On the other hand, a sample in an industrial school was obtained when some infrastructure works were being carried out outside of school. This caused a significant increase in the concentration of particles in the interior (I/O = 19.9). From the levels of As, Ni, Cd, Pb, Al, B, Zn, Mg, Sb, F^-, ClO^2-, NO^3- and SO₄ ^2- in PM10 inside and outside of each school, also the ratios I/O were calculated. These chemical ratios I/O were higher than unity in all cases and generally higher than those recorded in the case of PM10. Finally, Pearson correlation coefficients (r) between the elements and anions and the PM10, and between the different elements and anions were calculated for the purpose of establishing the existence of common emission sources.

Keywords: Airborne particles; Analytical chemistry; Atmospheric science; Environmental science; Geochemistry; Geology; Indoor/outdoor; Materials chemistry; PM10 composition; Pearson correlation.