The successful development and application of an assisted breeding program in any animal relies primarily on a thorough understanding of the fundamental reproductive biology (anatomy, physiology and behaviour) of the species in question. Surely, the ultimate goal and greatest hallmark of such a program is the efficacious establishment of a series of reliable techniques that facilitate the reproductive and genetic management of fragmented populations, both in captivity and in the wild. Such an achievement is all that more challenging when knowledge of the reproductive biology of that species is essentially rudimentary and without adequate models to compare to. Using the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) as a case study, this chapter provides insights into the development of a concept that began as small undergraduate student project but that subsequently evolved into the first-ever successful artificial insemination of a marsupial. Apart from this historical perspective, we shall also provide a brief review of the current reproductive biology of the koala, discuss technical elements of current assisted breeding technology of this species, its application to the closely related wombat, and the potential role it might play in helping to conserve wild koala populations in the form of a live koala genome bank. There is little doubt that the unique reproductive biology and tractability of the koala has been a benefit rather than a hindrance to the success of artificial breeding in this species.
Keywords: Artificial insemination; Assisted breeding technology; Induction of ovulation; Koala; Oestrous detection; Phascolarctos cinereus; Reproductive biology; Semen collection; Semen cryopreservation.