Single-shot ultrafast photography is a powerful tool for science research and industry applications. In this Letter, a novel strategy for ultrafast imaging of two-dimensional complex (amplitude and phase) objects, which is termed single-shot ultrafast phase retrieval photography (SUP), is proposed and demonstrated. The key component of SUP is a silicon photonic integrated chip, which not only has the function of multi-angle illumination, but also provides ultra-short delays for each illumination source. Combined with an ultra-short pulse source and coherent diffraction imaging, SUP can realize ultrafast single-shot imaging. As a proof of concept, the self-developed multiplexed time delay illumination chip was used for experiments, and we demonstrated the reconstructing of a static complex-valued object with a frame sequence depth of 16 frames from single-shot ptychographic data.