A brushite-forming calcium phosphate cement (CPC) was mechanically stabilized by addition of poly (l-lactid-co-glycolide; PLGA) fibers (≤10% w/w). It proved highly biocompatible and its fiber component enhanced bone formation in a sheep lumbar vertebroplasty model. However, possible effects on the osteogenic differentiation of resident mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) remained unexplored. The present study used a novel approach, simultaneously analyzing the influence of a solid CPC scaffold and its relatively low PLGA proportion (a mimicry of natural bone) on osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic differentiation, as well as the pluripotency of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASCs). hASCs were cultured on CPC discs with/without PLGA fibers (5% and 10%) in the absence of osteogenic medium for 3, 7, and 14 d. Gene expression of osteogenic markers (Runx2, osterix, alkaline phosphatase, collagen I, osteonectin, osteopontin, osteocalcin), chondrogenic markers (collagen II, Sox9, aggrecan), adipogenic markers (PPARG, Leptin, and FABP4), and pluripotency markers (Nanog, Tert, Rex) was analyzed by RT-PCR. The ability of hASCs to synthesize alkaline phosphatase was also evaluated. Cell number and viability were determined by fluorescein diacetate/propidium iodide staining. Compared to pure CPC, cultivation of hASCs on fiber-reinforced CPC transiently induced the gene expression of Runx2 and osterix (day 3), and long-lastingly augmented the expression of alkaline phosphatase (and its enzyme activity), collagen I, and osteonectin (until day 14). In contrast, augmented expression of all chondrogenic, adipogenic, and pluripotency markers was limited to day 3, followed by significant downregulation. Cultivation of hASCs on fiber-reinforced CPC reduced the cell number, but not the proportion of viable cells (viability > 95%). The PLGA component of fiber-reinforced, brushite-forming CPC supports long-lasting osteogenic differentiation of hASCs, whereas chondrogenesis, adipogenesis, and pluripotency are initially augmented, but subsequently suppressed. In view of parallel animal results, PLGA fibers may represent an interesting clinical target for future improvement of CPC- based bone regeneration.