Background: In this article, incidental findings (IF) refer to unforeseen findings made possible through biobanking research and advances in medical diagnostic technologies that raise issues regarding the obligation and/or responsibility of biobank-users and biobanks to return clinically significant information to participants. The World Medical Association (WMA) Declaration of Taipei (2016) highlights the possibility of encountering IF and requires that research on biospecimens address biobank feedback policies in their informed consent process, leaving open the possibility that the policy may be "no return". As clinicians and researchers begin to use these "resources", the possibility of finding clinically significant IF is becoming a reality.
Discussion: In line with the WMA's Declaration of Taipei, a pragmatic approach is needed to deal with the issue of returning IF in biobank governance. Indeed, the impacts and concerns associated with the return of IF differ across different stakeholder groups and jurisdictions. Therefore, the framework governing IF return needs to be custom-built, taking into account the nature of each research project and the unique features of biobanks. To this end, in addition to facilitating biobank transparency, establishing an endurable and horizontal connection among biobanks and clinical institutions under a public health system will improve efficiency and effectiveness. Hence, subject to contemporary Taiwanese ethical and/or legal regulations, this article argues for the establishment of an updated framework for imaging-related and genetic-related IF return within the Taiwan Biobank (TWB), mainly based on a limited obligation to disclose life-threatening information revealed by imaging, but not genetic, information.
Summary: After discussing some of the ethical, legal and social issues encountered by the TWB and accounting for the experiences of other international biobanks, we propose a systematic framework for returning IF, mainly on a "limited obligation" basis, which offers better and more comprehensive protection for biobank-participants' rights and health.
Keywords: Biobanks; Bioethics; EGF, Ethical Governance Framework; ELSI, Ethical, Legal and Social Implications; ESC, European Society of Cardiology; Framework; GNC, German National Cohort; GP, General Practitioners; IF, Incidental Findings; IRBs, Institutional Review Boards; Incidental finding; MRI, Magnetic Resonance Imaging; NHI, National Health Insurance; NIH, National Institutes of Health; P3G, Public Population Project in Genomics and Society; TWB, Taiwan Biobank; The WMA Declaration of Taipei (2016); UNESCO, United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organization; WMA, World Medical Association.