[Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis: Clinical Variability in the Same Family]

Acta Med Port. 2019 Aug 1;32(7-8):542-545. doi: 10.20344/amp.10758. Epub 2019 Aug 1.
[Article in Portuguese]

Abstract

Primary distal renal tubular acidosis is a genetic disorder characterized by the inability in acidification of urine. Symptoms are usually non-specific and highly variable. We described six cases in a family with four generations affected. The first case was diagnosed in a 3-year-old child presenting with hematuria and urolithiasis. Later, his sister, sons and two nephews were studied. Although asymptomatic, they all had nephrocalcinosis and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis with normal anionic gap, except one case with normal arterial blood gas test but with nephrocalcinosis and inability of urinary acidification. At follow-up, they all maintained nephrocalcinosis, the index case had acute renal damage and developed hypertension, but none developed chronic renal disease. The diagnosis of autosomal dominant distal renal tubular acidosis is generally made later and patients tend to present with milder disease. But the condition may manifest early and have a variable phenotypic severity spectrum. Carrying out screening through assessment of family history enables an earlier diagnosis while also allowing treatment to start sooner.

A acidose tubular renal distal primária deve-se a um defeito genético caracterizado pela incapacidade de acidificar a urina. A sintomatologia é inespecífica e muito variável. Descrevem-se seis casos de acidose tubular renal distal numa família em que a doença afetou quatro gerações. O primeiro caso foi diagnosticado aos três anos por hematúria e urolitíase. Posteriormente foram estudados a irmã, os dois filhos e dois sobrinhos do caso índex. Apesar de assintomáticos, todos apresentavam nefrocalcinose e acidose metabólica hiperclorémica, à exceção de um caso com gasimetria normal mas com nefrocalcinose e incapacidade de acidificação urinária. Na evolução todos mantiveram nefrocalcinose, o caso índex desenvolveu hipertensão arterial mas nenhum evoluiu para insuficiência renal crónica. O diagnóstico da acidose tubular renal distal autossómica dominante é geralmente mais tardio e com sintomatologia mais ligeira. A doença pode contudo manifestar-se precocemente e com espectro de gravidade variável. O rastreio pela história familiar permite antecipar o diagnóstico e iniciar tratamento mais precocemente.

Keywords: Acidosis, Renal Tubular/genetics; Child.

Publication types

  • Case Reports

MeSH terms

  • Acidosis, Renal Tubular / diagnosis*
  • Acidosis, Renal Tubular / drug therapy
  • Acidosis, Renal Tubular / genetics
  • Asymptomatic Diseases*
  • Child
  • Child, Preschool
  • Family Health*
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Nephrocalcinosis / diagnosis*
  • Nephrocalcinosis / genetics
  • Pedigree
  • Siblings
  • Urolithiasis / diagnosis
  • Urolithiasis / genetics