1 Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada.
2 Center for Environment & Water, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, KFUPM Box 713, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia. smrahman@kfupm.edu.sa.
3 Center for Environment & Water, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, KFUPM Box 713, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.
4 College of Architecture and Planning, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (Formerly, University of Dammam), PO. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia.
5 Department of Geomatics Engineering Technology, Yanbu Industrial College, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia.
6 School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand.
In the abstract, the statement "The GHG emissions avoidance expected to be achieved by the GCC countries will vary between 5 and 247 million tons of CO equivalent by 2030."