Poor dietary intake of nutrients and food groups are associated with increased risk of periodontal disease among community-dwelling older adults: a systematic literature review

Abstract

Context: Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory gum condition that is more prevalent in older populations. The development of periodontal disease has been directly linked to inflammatory dietary habits.

Objective: This systematic review aimed to 1) describe the relationship and 2) describe the direction of the relationship between dietary intake (nutrients and food groups) and periodontal disease in community-dwelling, older adults. PRISMA guidelines were followed for this review.

Data sources: A systematic search of the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, CINAHL, Science Direct, Informit, and Cochrane Library was conducted from the earliest possible date until September 2018. Search terms were related to main themes: "periodontal disease," "gingivitis," "gum diseases," "dietary intake" and "older adults." The search produced 779 records, and after additional publications were obtained and duplicates were removed, 666 publications underwent title and abstract screening. Included papers were written in English and were based on populations of healthy, older adults living in community-based settings. Nine papers met inclusion criteria and were included in this review.

Data extraction: Sample size, participant characteristics, inclusion and exclusion criteria, periodontal measures, dietary measures, confounders, and results were sorted by study type, author, year, and country.

Data analysis: Quality of the extracted data was analyzed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system.

Conclusions: Inverse associations were found between fatty acids, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, fiber, calcium, dairy, fruits, and vegetables and risk of periodontal disease. Overall, this review found a relationship between poor dietary intake and increased risk of periodontal disease; however, this needs to be further explored.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO Registration Number CRD42017065022.

Keywords: aged; diet; geriatrics; nutrient intake; older adults; periodontal disease; periodontitis.