Nimbolide Represses the Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Bladder Carcinoma Cells via Chk2-Mediated G2/M Phase Cell Cycle Arrest, Altered Signaling Pathways, and Reduced Transcription Factors-Associated MMP-9 Expression

Seung-Shick Shin; Byungdoo Hwang; Kashif Muhammad; Yujeong Gho; Jun-Hui Song; Wun-Jae Kim; Gonhyung Kim; Sung-Kwon Moon

doi:10.1155/2019/3753587

Nimbolide Represses the Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Bladder Carcinoma Cells via Chk2-Mediated G2/M Phase Cell Cycle Arrest, Altered Signaling Pathways, and Reduced Transcription Factors-Associated MMP-9 Expression

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 Jul 14:2019:3753587. doi: 10.1155/2019/3753587. eCollection 2019.

Authors

Seung-Shick Shin¹, Byungdoo Hwang², Kashif Muhammad³, Yujeong Gho², Jun-Hui Song², Wun-Jae Kim⁴, Gonhyung Kim³, Sung-Kwon Moon²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.
² Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea.
³ College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea.
⁴ Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea.

Abstract

Nimbolide, an active chemical constituent of Azadirachta indica, reportedly has several physiological effects. Here, we assessed novel anticancer effects of nimbolide against bladder cancer EJ and 5637 cells. Nimbolide treatment inhibited the proliferation of both bladder cancer cell lines with an IC₅₀ value of 3 μM. Treatment of cells with nimbolide induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest via both Chk2-Cdc25C-Cdc2/cyclin B1-Wee1 pathway and Chk2-p21WAF1-Cdc2/cyclin B1-Wee1 pathway. Nimbolide increased JNK phosphorylation and decreased p38MAPK and AKT phosphorylation. Additionally, nimbolide impeded both wound healing migration and invasion abilities by suppressing matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity. Finally, nimbolide repressed the binding activity of NF-κB, Sp-1, and AP-1 motifs, which are key transcription factors for MMP-9 activity regulation. Overall, our study indicates that nimbolide is a potential chemotherapeutic agent for bladder cancer.