Pollinators on the polar edge of the Ecumene: taxonomy, phylogeography, and ecology of bumble bees from Novaya Zemlya

Grigory S Potapov; Alexander V Kondakov; Boris Yu Filippov; Mikhail Yu Gofarov; Yulia S Kolosova; Vitaly M Spitsyn; Alena A Tomilova; Natalia A Zubrii; Ivan N Bolotov

doi:10.3897/zookeys.866.35084

Pollinators on the polar edge of the Ecumene: taxonomy, phylogeography, and ecology of bumble bees from Novaya Zemlya

Zookeys. 2019 Jul 24:866:85-115. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.866.35084. eCollection 2019.

Authors

Grigory S Potapov^{1

2}, Alexander V Kondakov^{1

2}, Boris Yu Filippov^{1

2}, Mikhail Yu Gofarov^{1

2}, Yulia S Kolosova^{1

2}, Vitaly M Spitsyn^{1

2}, Alena A Tomilova², Natalia A Zubrii^{1

2}, Ivan N Bolotov^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Northern Arctic Federal University, 163002, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, Arkhangelsk, Russia Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences Arkhangelsk Russia.
² Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 163000, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, Arkhangelsk, Russia Northern Arctic Federal University Arkhangelsk Russia.

Abstract

The High Arctic bumble bee fauna is rather poorly known, while a growing body of recent molecular research indicates that several Arctic species may represent endemic lineages with restricted ranges. Such local endemics are in need of special conservation efforts because of the increasing anthropogenic pressure and climate changes. Here, we re-examine the taxonomic and biogeographic affinities of bumble bees from Novaya Zemlya using historical samples and recently collected materials (1895-1925 vs. 2015-2017). Three bumble bee species inhabit the Yuzhny (Southern) Island and the southern edge of Severny (Northern) Island of this archipelago: Bombusglacialis Friese, 1902, B.hyperboreus Schönherr, 1809, and B.pyrrhopygus Friese, 1902. Bombusglacialis shares three unique COI haplotypes that may indicate its long-term (pre-glacial) persistence on Novaya Zemlya. In contrast, Bombushyperboreus and B.pyrrhopygus share a rather low molecular divergence from mainland populations, with the same or closely related haplotypes as those from Arctic Siberia and Norway. A brief re-description of Bombuspyrrhopygus based on the newly collected topotypes is presented. Habitats, foraging plants and life cycles of bumble bees on Novaya Zemlya are characterized, and possible causes of extremely low bumble bee abundance on the archipelago are discussed. The species-poor bumble bee fauna of Novaya Zemlya is compared with those in other areas throughout the Arctic. The mean bumble bee species richness on the Arctic Ocean islands is three times lower than that in the mainland Arctic areas (3.1 vs. 8.6 species per local fauna, respectively). General linear models (GLMs) indicate that this difference can be explained by specific environmental conditions of insular areas. Our findings highlight that the insularity is a significant factor sharply decreasing species richness in bumble bee assemblages on the Arctic Ocean archipelagoes through colder climate (lower summer temperatures), prevalence of harsh Arctic tundra landscapes with poor foraging resources, and in isolation from the mainland.

Keywords: Apidae; Bombus; Hymenoptera; Arctic Ocean archipelagoes; Pleistocene glaciations; mitochondrial DNA.