Background: Muslim majority countries (MMCs) typically have limited alcohol policy development due to Islamic prohibition of alcohol consumption. In response to recent increases in alcohol consumption and related harms, MMCs have introduced civil alcohol policies, ranging from total prohibition to European-style regulations. Using Iran as a case study, we describe how alcohol prohibition is translated into policy in the face of influences from globalisation.
Methods: We collected information from publicly available literature and policy documents, because of the sensitivity of the topic of alcohol in Iran. The search was conducted in English and Persian. We verified information through consultations with policy actors. We also reviewed newspapers over periods just before the 1979 Islamic revolution, and before and after the 2011 alcohol policy (2008-2010; 2014-2016) was introduced. We analysed policy content based on WHO policy recommendations and used the Walt & Gilson health framework to identify policy content, context, actors and process.
Results: Despite its broad approach of civil prohibition with concessions for the non-Muslim population, Iran has developed approaches to reduce the harmful impacts of alcohol and adopted nine of ten policy interventions recommended by WHO. Pricing policy was the only intervention not used. We identified contextual challenges, such as resources, stigma and cultural offence that influence policy development.
Conclusion: MMCs face challenges in creating civil alcohol policies. Iran has taken steps, including a national alcohol strategy, to reduce alcohol-related harms. The socio-cultural, governance and historical context have shaped Iran's adaptation of policy interventions recommended by WHO.
Keywords: Alcohol; Health policy; Iran; Muslim majority countries; Prevention; Prohibition.
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