Despite considerable progress in the field of heart failure about drugs and device therapy, the mortality rate of patients with heart failure remains high. Studies have shown that thromboembolism and stroke are associated with high mortality in patients with heart failure. Although warfarin therapy reduces the rate of ischemic stroke in patients with heart failure, the overall benefit from warfarin in this population seems to be offset by the increased bleeding risk. Thus, whether patients with chronic heart failure might benefit from anticoagulation, especially in patients with sinus rhythm, is still controversial. Rivaroxaban, a new oral anticoagulant, is a selective direct factor Xa inhibitor that is used to reduce thrombin generation, which may bring hope to anticoagulation in patients with heart failure. However, the COMPASS trial and recently published COMMANDER HF trial presented different results. By carefully analyzing 2 clinical trials, we think several factors might explain this different outcome.