Kininogen-1 as a protein biomarker for schizophrenia through mass spectrometry and genetic association analyses

Mingjia Yang; Na Zhou; Huiping Zhang; Guojun Kang; Bonan Cao; Qi Kang; Rixin Li; Xiaojing Zhu; Wenwang Rao; Qiong Yu

doi:10.7717/peerj.7327

Kininogen-1 as a protein biomarker for schizophrenia through mass spectrometry and genetic association analyses

PeerJ. 2019 Jul 18:7:e7327. doi: 10.7717/peerj.7327. eCollection 2019.

Authors

Mingjia Yang¹, Na Zhou², Huiping Zhang³, Guojun Kang¹, Bonan Cao¹, Qi Kang¹, Rixin Li¹, Xiaojing Zhu¹, Wenwang Rao^{1

4}, Qiong Yu¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
² Department of Pharmacy, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
³ Department of Psychiatry and Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
⁴ Unit of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.

Abstract

Background: Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a complex and severe mental illness. There is a lack of effective biomarkers for SCZ diagnosis. The aim of this study was to explore the possibility of using serum peptides for the diagnosis of SCZ as well as analyze the association of variants in genes coding for these peptides and SCZ.

Methods: After bead-based fractionation, the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry technique was used to identify peptides that showed different expressions between 166 SCZ patients and 201 healthy controls. Differentially expressed peptides were verified in a second set of samples (81 SCZ patients and 103 healthy controls). The association of SCZ and three tagSNPs selected in genes coding for differentially expressed peptides was performed in 1,126 SCZ patients and 1,168 controls.

Results: The expression level of peptides with m/z 1,945.07 was significant lower in SCZ patients than in healthy controls (P < 0.000001). The peptide with m/z 1,945.07 was confirmed to be a fragment of Kininogen-1. In the verification tests, Kininogen-1 had a sensitivity of 95.1% and a specificity of 97.1% in SCZ prediction. Among the three tagSNPs (rs13037490, rs2983639, rs2983640) selected in the Cystatin 9 gene (CST9) which encodes peptides including Kininogen-1, tagSNP rs2983640 had its genotype distributions significantly different between SCZ patients and controls under different genetic models (P < 0.05). Haplotypes CG (rs2983639-rs2983640) and TCG (rs13037490-rs2983639-rs2983640) were significantly associated with SCZ (CG: OR = 1.21, 95% CI [1.02-1.44], P = 0.032; TCG: OR = 24.85, 95% CI [5.98-103.17], P < 0.0001).

Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that SCZ patients had decreased expression of Kininogen-1 and genetic variants in Kininogen-1 coding gene CST9 were significantly associated with SCZ. The findings from both protein and genetic association studies suggest that Kininogen-1 could be a biomarker of SCZ.

Keywords: CST9; Kininogen-1; MALDI-TOF/MS; Protein biomarker; Schizophrenia.

Grants and funding

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81673253), the Norman Bethune Program of Jilin University (2015227), the Projects of International Cooperation and Exchanges NSFC (no. 81320108025), and the Graduate Innovation Fund of Jilin University (2017161). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.