Objective: This article presents 1-year follow-up of a randomized placebo-controlled trial with open-label extension evaluating the efficacy of a broad-spectrum micronutrient (vitamins and minerals) intervention. The object was to determine if dominant treatment at follow-up was associated with differential psychological outcomes. Methods: Ninety percent of the original sample of 93 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were followed 52 weeks postbaseline. Assessments included measures of ADHD, mood, anxiety, and general function based on parent/clinician report. Outcome was considered based on dominant therapy at 52 weeks (trial micronutrients [n = 19], medications [n = 21], and no treatment [n = 35]). Nine children were not categorized due to inconsistent therapies. Results: Based on dominant treatment, more of those who stayed on trial micronutrients (84%) were identified as "Much" or "Very Much" improved overall relative to baseline functioning, compared to 50% of those who switched to psychiatric medications and only 21% of those who discontinued treatment [χ2(2) = 19.476, p < 0.001]. Fifteen (79%) of those still taking micronutrients, 8 (42%) of those using medications, and 7 (23%) of those who discontinued treatment were considered remitters based on parent-reported ADHD [χ2(2) = 15.3, p < 0.001]. Those who stayed on micronutrients were more likely to have failed medication treatment in the past. The micronutrient group also displayed better outcomes on measures of parent-rated hyperactivity and anxiety, and clinician-rated general function and mood, with moderate to large between-group effect sizes (micronutrients vs. medication: ES = 0.73-1.01; micronutrients vs. no treatment: ES = 0.54-1.01). Most common reasons for stopping trial micronutrients were cost and number of pills to swallow. No continued side effects were associated with micronutrients. Conclusions: Children who benefitted from micronutrients in the short term maintained changes at follow-up, without side effects. While both those who continued micronutrients and those who switched to medication showed improved ADHD symptoms, psychiatric medication use was associated with deterioration in mood and anxiety. Inherent selection bias limits generalizability.
Keywords: ADHD; emotion dysregulation; follow-up; micronutrients; minerals; vitamins.