Psycho-physiological responses to perceptually-regulated interval runs in hypoxia and normoxia

Abstract

We investigated whether perceptually-regulated high-intensity intervals in hypoxia are associated with slower running velocities versus normoxia, when physiological responses and exercise-related sensations remain the same. Nineteen trained runners (33.4 ± 9.1 years) completed a high-intensity interval running protocol (4 × 4-min intervals at a clamped perceived rating exertion of 16 on the 6-20 Borg scale, 3-min passive recoveries) in either hypoxic (HYP; FiO₂ 15.0%) or normoxic (NOR; FiO₂ 20.9%) conditions. Participants adjusted to a progressively slower running velocity from interval 1-4 (-7.0%), and more so in HYP vs. NOR for intervals 2, 3 and 4 (-4.6%, -6.4% and - 7.9%, respectively; p < .01). Heart rate increased from interval 1-4 (+4.8%; p < .01), independent of condition. Arterial oxygen saturation was lower in HYP vs. NOR (86.0% vs. 94.8%; p < .01). Oxyhemoglobin (-23.7%) and total hemoglobin (-77.0%) decreased, whilst deoxyhemoglobin increased (+44.9%) from interval 1-4 (p < .01), independent of condition. Perceived recovery (-41.6%) and motivation (-21.8%) were progressively lower from interval 1-4, and more so in HYP vs. NOR for intervals 2, 3 and 4 (recovery: -8.8%, -24.2% and - 29.3%; motivation: -5.3%, -20.3% and - 22.4%, respectively; p < .01). Perceived breathlessness (+18.6%), limb discomfort (+44.0%) and pleasure (-32.2%) changed from interval 1-4, with significant differences (+21.8%, +11.3% and - 31.3%, respectively) between HYP and NOR (p < .01). Slower interval running velocities in hypoxia achieve similar heart rate and muscle oxygenation responses to those observed in normoxia when perceptually-regulated, yet at the expense of less favourable exercise-related sensations.

Keywords: Effort perception; High-intensity intermittent running; Near-infrared spectroscopy; Normobaric hypoxia; Perceptually-regulated exercise; Ratings of perceived exertion.