Continuous monitoring of lake dynamics on the Mongolian Plateau using all available Landsat imagery and Google Earth Engine

Yan Zhou; Jinwei Dong; Xiangming Xiao; Ronggao Liu; Zhenhua Zou; Guosong Zhao; Quansheng Ge

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.341

Continuous monitoring of lake dynamics on the Mongolian Plateau using all available Landsat imagery and Google Earth Engine

Sci Total Environ. 2019 Nov 1:689:366-380. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.341. Epub 2019 Jun 24.

Authors

Yan Zhou¹, Jinwei Dong², Xiangming Xiao³, Ronggao Liu⁴, Zhenhua Zou⁵, Guosong Zhao⁶, Quansheng Ge⁷

Affiliations

¹ Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China.
² Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China. Electronic address: dongjw@igsnrr.ac.cn.
³ Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
⁴ State key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
⁵ Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
⁶ Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
⁷ Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. Electronic address: geqs@igsnrr.ac.cn.

PMID: 31277004
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.341

Abstract

Lakes are important water resources on the Mongolian Plateau (MP) for human's livelihood and production as well as maintaining ecosystem services. Previous studies, based on the Landsat-based analyses at epoch scale and visual interpretation approach, have reported a significant loss in the lake areas and numbers, especially from the late 1990s to 2010. Given the remarkable inter- and intra-annual variations of lakes in the arid and semi-arid region, a comprehensive picture of annual lake dynamics is needed. Here we took advantages of the power of all the available Landsat images and the cloud computing platform Google Earth Engine (GEE) to map water body for each scene, and then extracted lakes by post-processing including raster-to-vector conversion and separation of lakes and rivers. Continuous dynamics of the lakes over 1 km² was monitored annually on the MP from 1991 to 2017. We found a significant shrinkage in the lake areas and numbers of the MP from 1991 to 2009, then the decreasing lakes on the MP have recovered since circa 2009. Specifically, Inner Mongolia of China experienced more dramatic lake variations than Mongolia. A few administrative regions with huge lakes, including Hulunbuir and Xilin Gol in Inner Mongolia and Ubsa in Mongolia, dominated the lake area variations in the study area, suggesting that the prior treatments on these major lakes would be critical for water management on the MP. The varied drivers of lake variations in different regions showed the complexity of factors impacting lakes. While both natural and anthropogenic factors significantly affected lake dynamics before 2009, precipitation played increasingly important role for the recovery of lakes on the MP after 2009.

Keywords: Drivers; Google Earth Engine (GEE); Lake dynamics; Landsat; Mongolian Plateau (MP); Recovery.