Comparison of cotinine levels in the peri-implant sulcular fluid among cigarette and waterpipe smokers, electronic-cigarette users, and nonsmokers

Fawaz Alqahtani; Mana Alqahtani; Ahmed Heji Albaqawi; Abdulaziz A Al-Kheraif; Fawad Javed

doi:10.1111/cid.12813

Comparison of cotinine levels in the peri-implant sulcular fluid among cigarette and waterpipe smokers, electronic-cigarette users, and nonsmokers

Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2019 Aug;21(4):702-707. doi: 10.1111/cid.12813. Epub 2019 Jul 2.

Authors

Fawaz Alqahtani¹, Mana Alqahtani², Ahmed Heji Albaqawi³, Abdulaziz A Al-Kheraif⁴, Fawad Javed^{5

6}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul-Aziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.
² Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
³ Department of Prosthodontics Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Hail University, Hail, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁵ Department of Orthodontics, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York.
⁶ Laboratory for Periodontal-, Implant-, Phototherapy (LA-PIP), School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York.

PMID: 31267668
DOI: 10.1111/cid.12813

Abstract

Background: Assessment of cotinine levels in the peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) may serve as a valuable biomarker of peri-implant diseases in nicotine-product users.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to compare cotinine levels in the PISF among cigarette smokers, waterpipe users, electronic-cigarette users, and nonsmokers.

Materials and methods: Cigarette smokers, waterpipe smokers, electronic-cigarette users, and nonsmokers were included. A questionnaire was used to collect information about age, gender, duration of smoking and vaping, family history of smoking, duration of smoking/vaping, and daily frequency of smoking/vaping. Implant-related data including implant dimensions and duration of implants in function were also recorded. In all groups, peri-implant probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BoP), and plaque index (PI) were assessed. Using standard techniques, PISF was collected and levels of cotinine in the PISF were measured. Sample-size estimation was performed, and statistical comparisons were done using one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc adjustment tests. P values below .05 were categorized as statistically significant.

Results: One hundred two male individuals (35 cigarette smokers, 33 waterpipe smokers, 34 electronic-cigarette users, and 35 nonsmokers) were included. Scores of peri-implant PI (P < .05) and PD (P < .05) were significantly higher among cigarette smokers, waterpipe smokers, and electronic-cigarette users compared with nonsmokers. Peri-implant BoP was more often manifested in nonsmokers compared with cigarette smokers (P < .05), waterpipe smokers (P < .05), and electronic-cigarette users (P < .05). The volume of collected PISF was significantly higher among cigarette (P < .05) and waterpipe smokers (P < .05) and electronic-cigarette users (P < .05) than nonsmokers. Cotinine levels were significantly higher in the PISF of cigarette (P < .05) and waterpipe smokers (P < .05) and electronic-cigarette users (P < .05) than nonsmokers.

Conclusions: Habitual use of nicotinic products enhances the expression of cotinine in the PISF. Cotinine levels in the PISF of cigarette and waterpipe smokers and electronic-cigarette users are comparable.

Keywords: bleeding on probing; cigarette smoking; cotinine; dental implant; inflammation; probing depth.

MeSH terms

Cotinine / metabolism*
Dental Plaque Index
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems*
Humans
Male
Non-Smokers
Smokers*
Water Pipe Smoking*

Substances

Cotinine

Grants and funding

King Saud University