The Distal Spine: Normal Embryogenesis and Derangements Leading to Malformation

Thomas P Naidich; Javin Schefflein; Mario A Cedillo; Jacob P Deutsch; Shashidhara Murthy; Mary Fowkes

doi:10.1016/j.nic.2019.04.001

The Distal Spine: Normal Embryogenesis and Derangements Leading to Malformation

Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2019 Aug;29(3):385-409. doi: 10.1016/j.nic.2019.04.001.

Authors

Thomas P Naidich¹, Javin Schefflein², Mario A Cedillo², Jacob P Deutsch², Shashidhara Murthy², Mary Fowkes³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA. Electronic address: thomas.naidich@mountsinai.org.
² Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
³ Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.

PMID: 31256861
DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2019.04.001

Abstract

The spine and spinal cord are composed of multiple segments initiated by different embryologic mechanisms and advanced under different systems of control. In humans, the upper central nervous system is formed by primary neurulation, the lower by secondary neurulation, and the intervening segment by junctional neurulation. This article focuses on the distal spine and spinal cord to address their embryogenesis and the molecular derangements that lead to some distal spinal malformations.

Keywords: Axis extension; Junctional neurulation; Somitogenesis; Spinal column; Spinal cord; Spinal embryogenesis; Spinal malformations.

Publication types

Review

MeSH terms

Embryonic Development*
Humans
Spine / abnormalities*
Spine / anatomy & histology*
Spine / embryology