1 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
2 Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
3 Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
4 Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts.
5 Department of Surgery, West Virginia University Heart and Vascular Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia.
6 Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri.
7 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Electronic address: eric.grogan@vanderbilt.edu.