Design of nanoparticles (NPs) for biomedical applications requires a thorough understanding of cascades of nano-bio interactions at different interfaces. Here, we take into account the cascading effect of NP functionalization on interactions with target cell membranes by determining coatings of biomolecules in biological media. Cell culture experiments show that NPs with more hydrophobic surfaces are heavily ingested by cells in both the A549 and HEK293 cell lines. However, before reaching the target cell, both the identity and amount of recruited biomolecules can be influenced by the pristine NPs' hydrophobicity. Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations show that hydrophobic NPs acquire coatings of more biomolecules, which may conceal the properties of the as-engineered NPs and impact the targeting specificity. Based on these results, we propose an amphiphilic ligand coating on NPs. DPD simulations reveal the design principle, following which the amphiphilic ligands first curl in solvent to reduce the surface hydrophobicity, thus suppressing the assemblage of biomolecules. Upon attaching to the membrane, the curled ligands extend and rearrange to gain contacts with lipid tails, thus dragging NPs into the membrane for translocation. Three NP-membrane interaction states are identified that are found to depend on the NP size and membrane surface tension. These results can provide useful guidelines to fabricate ligand-coated NPs for practical use in targeted drug delivery, and motivate further studies of nano-bio-interactions with more consideration of cascading effects.
Keywords: biomolecular corona; cascading effect; nano-bio interaction; plasma membrane; translocation.