In this paper, a robust sliding mode control (SMC) based on backstepping technique is studied for a microgyroscope in the presence of unknown model uncertainties and external disturbances using adaptive fuzzy compensator and fractional calculus. At first, the dynamic of microgyroscope is transformed into analogically cascade system to guarantee the application of backstepping design. Then a novel fractional differential sliding surface is proposed which integrates the capacities of the fractional calculus and SMC. In order to reduce the chattering in SMC, a fuzzy logical system is utilized to approximate the external disturbances. In addition, fractional order adaptive laws are derived to estimate the damping and stiffness coefficients and angular velocity online based on Lyapunov stability theory which also guarantees the stability of the closed loop system. Finally, simulation results signify the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed control schemes and the comparison of root mean square error under different fractional orders and integer order are given to demonstrate the better performance of proposed controller.