An automatic single-channel EEG-based sleep stage scoring method based on hidden Markov Model

Abstract

Objective: Sleep stage scoring is essential for diagnosing sleep disorders. Visual scoring of sleep stages is very time-consuming and prone to human errors. In this work, we introduce an efficient approach to improve the accuracy of sleep stage scoring and classification for sleep analysis.

Method: In this approach, a set of optimal features was first selected from a pool of features extracted from sleep EEG epochs by using a feature selection method based on the relevance and redundancy analysis. EEG segments were then classified using a random forest classifier. Finally, a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) was used to reduce false positives by incorporating knowledge of the temporal structure of transitions between sleep stages. We evaluated the proposed method using single-channel EEG signals from four public sleep EEG datasets scored according to R&K and AASM guidelines. We compared the performance of our method with existing methods using different cross validation strategies.

Results: Using a leave-one-out validation strategy, our method achieved overall accuracies in the range of (79.4-87.4%) and (77.6-80.4%) with Kappa values in the range of 0.7-0.85 for six-stage (R&K) and five-stage (AASM) classification, respectively. Our method showed a reduction in overall accuracy up to 8% using the cross-dataset validation strategy in comparison with the subject cross-validation method.

Comparison with existing method(s): Our method outperformed the existing methods for all multi-stage classification.

Conclusions: The proposed single-channel method can be used for robust and reliable sleep stage scoring with high accuracy and relatively low complexity required for real time applications.

Keywords: EEG-based sleep stage scoring; Hidden Markov Model; MGCACO feature selection; Random Forest.