"Liver or Let Die": Percutaneous PFO Closure Through Hepatic Vein Access

Abstract

A 73-year-old farmer presented with platypnoea-orthodeoxia syndrome (POS). A transoesophageal echocardiogram (TOE) disclosed a patent foramen ovale (PFO) with significant right-to-left shunt on assuming upright posture. An initial attempt at PFO closure through the femoral vein was abandoned due to a completely occluded inferior vena cava. A second attempt through the internal jugular vein was also unsuccessful due to the steep angulation between superior vena cava and septum primum flap. Because of disabling symptoms, an attempt through a hepatic vein (HV) was scheduled and performed under general anaesthesia with TOE guidance. Ultrasound-guided access through an intercostal window to a peripheral HV was performed and the position confirmed with contrast injections. The PFO was easily crossed with a glide wire which was exchanged to a stiffer guide wire. A 25mm closure device was successfully deployed across the PFO. After retrieval of the delivery system, haemostasis of the HV was attained with a contrast-guided Gelfoam (Pfizer, New York, NY, USA) injection. Unfortunately, the patient had to undergo subsequent emergency coiling to an iatrogenically injured hepatic artery branch leading to full recovery and significant clinical improvement. Subsequent echocardiography demonstrated a well-positioned device with no residual shunt. This case illustrates that percutaneous PFO closure through a HV is a feasible procedure and should be considered in anatomy that is otherwise prohibitive for conventional approach. Extra care should be taken with initial vascular access into the HV and final haemostasis of the access site.

Keywords: Alternative access; Patent foramen ovale; Percutaneous closure.