Background and objectives: Metabolic syndrome is a leading global public health concern. Nutritional approaches are important for preventing and managing cardiometabolic risks, including metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to examine the potential association between riboflavin intake and cardiometabolic risks according to sex among Koreans.
Methods and study design: We used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015-2016, a nationwide cross-sectional survey that assesses the health and nutritional status of the Korean population. A total of 6,062 individuals aged ≥19 years were included. The nutrition survey was performed using 24-h dietary recall.
Results: A significant association was observed between low riboflavin intake with only increased HDL-cholesterol (OR 1.362, 95% CI 1.017-1.824, p=0.038) among metabolic syndrome and its components in men, whereas insufficient riboflavin intake was positively associated with hypertension (OR 1.352, 95% CI 1.085-1.685, p=0.007), diabetes (OR 1.493, 95% CI 1.137-1.959, p=0.004) and metabolic syndrome (OR 1.289, 95% CI 1.014-1.640, p=0.038) in women after adjusting for the other covariates. For post-menopausal women, central obesity was also correlated with insufficient riboflavin intake (OR 1.315, 95% CI 1.019-1.696, p=0.035).
Conclusions: Insufficient riboflavin intake may contribute to development of cardiometabolic disorder, particularly in women. It was also found that riboflavin may have different influences on its risks in women according to menopausal status. This study highlighted the importance of public policies targeted at these sex-specific groups for reducing cardiometabolic risks.